OBJECTIVE
To review the literature about the health benefits of far-infrared sauna (FIRS) use.
QUALITY OF EVIDENCE
A search of Web of Science, EBSCO, Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid HealthSTAR, and EMBASE using the terms far-infrared and sauna, refined by limiting the search to studies of humans published in English, yielded 9 relevant papers (level I or level II evidence).
MAIN MESSAGE
Far-infrared saunas are approved by the Canadian Standards Association and are sold to the public. The manufacturers claim numerous health benefits; however, the published evidence to substantiate these claims is limited. Four papers support the use of FIRS therapy for those with congestive heart failure and 5 papers support its use for those with coronary risk factors.
CONCLUSION
There is limited moderate evidence supporting FIRS efficacy in normalizing blood pressure and treating congestive heart failure; fair evidence, from a single study, supporting FIRS therapy in chronic pain; weak evidence, from a single study, supporting FIRS therapy in chronic fatigue syndrome; weak evidence, from a single study, supporting FIRS therapy for obesity; and consistent fair evidence to refute claims regarding the role of FIRSs in cholesterol reduction.
Far-infrared saunas (FIRSs) are approved by the Canadian Standards Association and are sold to the public as recreational saunas. Manufacturers advertise numerous therapeutic effects, including weight loss, improved cardiovascular health, normalized blood pressure (BP), lowered cholesterol, and reduced pain, stress, and fatigue. These saunas are also being advertised in publications targeting Canadian physicians.FIRSs is valuated at approximately $600 million to $950 million and is growing rapidly, according to Aaron Zack, President and Chief Executive Officer of Sunlight Saunas (written communication, May 2022).
Traditional saunas use either wood stoves or 220-V heaters to heat the air to approximately 85°C, which then heats the occupant, mainly via convection. Some people find this heat uncomfortable. In contrast, FIRSs heat to approximately 60°C, providing a more comfortable and relaxing experience. They utilize 120-V infrared elements, similar to the infrared warmers on neonatal resuscitation beds, to radiate heat with a wavelength of around 10 μm. As infrared heat penetrates more deeply than warmed air, users develop a more vigorous sweat at a lower temperature than they would in traditional saunas. The cardiovascular demand imparted by thermoregulatory homeostasis (sweating, vasodilation, decreased afterload, increased heart rate, increased cardiac output) is similar to that achieved by walking at a moderate pace. As such, FIRS might be of particular benefit to those who are sedentary due to various medical conditions, such as osteoarthritis or cardiovascular or respiratory problems.
Quality of evidence
A search of Web of Science, EBSCO, Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid HealthSTAR, and EMBASE using far-infrared and sauna was refined by limiting the search to human clinical therapeutic studies published in English. Only clinical therapeutic trials of level I (randomized controlled trials [RCTs]) or level II (cohort and non-randomized trials) evidence were included in this analysis.
Table 1
Studies supporting use of FIRSs
| STUDY | N | DURATION | LEVEL OF EVIDENCE | INDICATION | PRIMARY OUTCOMES | COMMENTS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kihara et al, 2004 | 30 | 14 d | I | CHF | Fewer PVCs and lowered BNP levels | Infrared sauna treatment improves ventricular arrhythmias in patients with CHF |
| Kihara et al, 2002 | 30 | 14 d | I | CHF | Clinical symptoms improved and BNP levels decreased; endothelial function improved | Clinical improvement in CHF seen after FIRS therapy might be owing to improved endothelial function |
| Miyamoto et al, 2005 | 15 | 28 d | II | CHF | CHF symptoms, ejection fraction, and walking distance improved; catecholamine levels decreased | Infrared sauna therapy is a safe and effective treatment of CHF |
| Sugahara et al, 2003 | 12 | 28 d | II | Pediatric CHF due to VSD | Clinical signs and symptoms of CHF decreased, urine nitrate levels decreased, and 75% of patients avoided surgical repair | Infrared sauna therapy is safe and might be helpful in treating pediatric CHF; VSDs have a high incidence of spontaneous improvement |
| Masuda et al, 2004 | 28 | 14 d | I | Prevention of atherosclerosis by decreasing oxidative stress | Systolic BP decreased, as did serum PGF2α | Infrared sauna therapy might be cardioprotective |
| Imamura et al, 2001 | 35 | 14 d | II | Impaired endothelial function in those with coronary risk factors | Endothelium-dependent vasodilatation improved; BP and fasting glucose levels decreased | Infrared sauna therapy is safe and improves vascular endothelial function |
| Biro et al, 2003 | 10 | 14 d | II | Obesity | Despite weight loss, plasma ghrelin and leptin levels did not change | Infrared sauna therapy might blunt neurohormonal effects of weight loss due to calorie restriction |
| Masuda et al, 2005 | 46 | 28 d | I | Chronic pain | Increased likelihood of return to work; trend toward decreased pain and anger | Infrared sauna therapy might be promising for the treatment of chronic pain |
| Masuda et al, 2005 | 2 | 35 d | II* | Chronic fatigue syndrome | Fatigue, pain, sleep, and low- grade fever improved | Infrared sauna treatment might be helpful for chronic fatigue syndrome |
Main Message
Congestive heart failure (CHF)
Four papers support the use of infrared sauna therapy for those with CHF.
In one RCT (level I evidence), 30 subjects with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II or III CHF and more than 200 premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) per 24 hours were randomized into treatment and nontreatment groups. Treatment consisted of 10, 15-minute infrared sauna sessions over a 2-week period. After 2 weeks the sauna group had significantly fewer PVCs (mean [SD] = 848 [415] vs 3097 [1033] per 24 hours, P < .01) and lower brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels (mean [SD] = 229 [54] pg/mL vs 419 [110] pg/mL, P < .05) compared with the untreated group. Secondary findings included significant improvements to NYHA CHF class (class II/III = 5/15 before treatment vs 15/5 after treatment, P < .01), weight (mean [SD] = 57 [3] kg before vs 56 [3] kg after, P < .05), cardiothoracic ratio (mean [SD] = 59% [1%] before vs 56% [2%] after, P < .01), and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (mean [SD] = 29% [2%] before vs 33% [2%] after, P < .05); although BP levels appeared to decrease, results did not reach statistical significance. The authors concluded that repeated FIRS treatment improved ventricular arrhythmias in patients with NYHA class II and III CHF. Strengths of this study included a control group that was well matched; although the study was not blinded, the control group relaxed in an environment similar to that of the FIRS (but at 24°C) for the same amount of time. All measurements taken after the intervention were performed on the day after the last treatment and can therefore be considered reliable, as this allowed adequate time for rehydration and fluid compartment redistribution. Patients in this study population, however, had asymptomatic PVCs; as such, we cannot generalize these findings to those with symptomatic PVCs, although the improvement in NYHA class is clinically relevant.
Another RCT (level I evidence) studied 30 patients with NYHA class II or III CHF: 10 control subjects matched to 20 intervention subjects. The intervention group had 10, 15-minute FIRS treatments over a 2-week period. There were no adverse events and there were no changes in liver or renal function, electrolyte levels, or hematocrit levels. Clinical symptoms improved in 17 out of 20 patients in the intervention group and were unchanged in the remaining 3 patients. Patients’ NYHA classes improved (NYHA class I/II/III = 0/10/10 before treatment vs 1/14/5 after treatment, P = .01), as did their systolic BP (mean [SD] = 107 [22] mm Hg before vs 97 [17] mm Hg after, P = .02). Diastolic BP, body weight, and LVEF did not improve significantly. Brain natriuretic peptide levels decreased significantly (mean [SD] = 441 [444] pg/mL before vs 293 [302] pg/mL after, P < .005). In contrast, the control group did not improve either clinically or in terms of BNP levels. Endothelial function, as assessed by high-resolution ultrasound to determine endothelium-dependent flow-mediated dilation (FMD), improved with treatment (mean [SD] = 4.4% [2.5%] vs 5.7% [2.5%], P = .0006, n = 20). The authors concluded that FIRS treatment improved cardiac function and clinical symptoms in those with CHF and that this improvement was the result of improved vascular endothelial function. Strengths of the study were similar to those in the study by Kihara et al. Further, before study entry all subjects were in stable clinical condition for at least 1 month, medications had not been changed for at least 2 weeks, and adverse events were defined (dyspnea, angina pectoris, palpitations, hypotension, or dehydration). Although clinical symptoms were assessed using an unvalidated tool, it is reassuring to note the correlation between FMD improvement and both clinical and BNP improvement.
In a sequential, longitudinal, interrupted time series trial (level II evidence), 15 hospitalized patients with NYHA class II or III CHF underwent daily 15-minute FIRS treatment for 4 weeks. Sauna treatment was safely completed without any adverse effects. Symptoms improved in 13 of 15 patients (87%); LVEF increased (mean [SD] = 30% [11%] vs 34% [11%], P < .05); every patient’s 6-minute walking distance increased (mean [SD] = 388 [110] m vs 448 [118] m, P < .05); and plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations both decreased (mean [SD] = 40 [42] pg/mL vs 21 [23] pg/mL, P < .05, 633 [285] pg/mL vs 443 [292] pg/mL, P < .01, respectively). Further, systolic BP and cardiothoracic ratios improved (mean [SD] = 101 [13] mm Hg vs 98 [14] mm Hg, 59% [7%] vs 58% [7%], respectively; P < .05 for all). Changes in weight and BNP levels did not reach statistical significance, nor did changes in NYHA class (class II/III = 3/12 vs 6/9). The authors concluded that FIRS treatment was a safe and effective adjunct therapy for CHF.This is the longest study of FIRS therapy for CHF; it is also the only study to document the effect of FIRS therapy on exercise tolerance. It was, however, not randomized and had a small sample size. Further, adverse events were not defined, clinical symptoms were not evaluated using validated questionnaires, and measurements were taken “immediately after” participants’ last sauna sessions.
Although an additional study supports the use of FIRS therapy for neonates with CHF, review of that study is beyond the scope of this paper, as the etiology of neonatal CHF is fundamentally different from that of adult CHF.
Coronary risk factors
Three papers support the use of FIRS for individuals with coronary risk factors, which traditionally include hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and smoking.
One RTC(level I evidence) divided 28 subjects with at least 1 coronary risk factor into 2 matched groups of 14. Group A had 15-minute daily FIRS sessions for 2 weeks, while group B rested in a room-temperature structure for the equivalent amount of time. Systolic BP was significantly reduced in the sauna group after therapy (mean [SD] = 125 [13] mm Hg vs 110 [15] mm Hg, P < .05) and compared with the nontreatment group (110 [15] mm Hg vs 122 [13] mm Hg, P < .05). Postintervention urinary 8-epi prostaglandin F2α, a marker of oxidation, decreased in the sauna group compared with presauna levels (P < .0001; unfortunately the pretreatment levels were not explicitly stated) and compared with the non-sauna group (mean [SD] = 230 [67] vs 380 [101] pg/mg creatinine, P < .0001). No subjects reported feeling ill during the sauna sessions. There were no reductions in body mass index, heart rate, diastolic BP, or hemato-crit, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, or fasting plasma glucose levels. The authors concluded that repeated FIRS therapy might protect against oxidative stress and might be a helpful adjuvant in preventing “lifestyle-related diseases.” The authors did not state how much time elapsed between the last sauna session and the posttreatment measurement collection.
In a sequential, longitudinal, interrupted time series cohort trial (level II evidence), which included a non-randomized control group, 25 men with at least 1 coronary risk factor underwent 10, 15-minute infrared sauna sessions over a 2-week period. Ten additional men without coronary risk factors served as a baseline control and did not receive any sauna treatment. Systolic BP, diastolic BP, weight, and fasting blood glucose concentrations decreased (128 mm Hg vs 124 mm Hg, P < .01; 77 mm Hg vs 72 mm Hg, P < .05; mean [SD] = 75.2 [9.9] kg vs 74.9 [9.9] kg, P < .05; and 99 mg/dL vs 94 mg/dL, P < .05; respectively). Endothelial function was assessed using high-resolution ultrasound to determine brachial artery diameter at rest, during reactive hyperemia, and after sublingual nitroglycerin. Dilation during reactive hyperemia was used to assess FMD. Dilation in response to nitroglycerin was an additional control used to assess endothelium-independent vasodilation. Baseline FMD was impaired in the group with coronary risk factors (mean [SD] = 4.0% [1.7%] vs 8.2% [2.7%], P < .0001) and improved with treatment (4.0% vs 5.8%, P < .001). Endothelium-independent vasodilatation was similar at baseline between the at-risk and control groups and did not change after 2 weeks of sauna therapy. No change was seen in hematocrit, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, uric acid, creatinine, or liver enzyme levels. The authors concluded that FIRS treatment improved impaired vascular endothelial function and suggested a therapeutic role for FIRS treatment in patients with coronary risk factors. Standard deviations and P values were not provided for some data reported in the study. With a standard deviation of 9.9 kg, it is difficult to see why a statistically significant decrease in weight (0.3 kg) was reported. An attempt was made to verify the P value with a statistician, but the paper did not contain sufficient data for verification.
In a sequential, longitudinal, interrupted time series trial(level II evidence), 10 obese subjects underwent 15-minute daily FIRS sessions and followed an 1800 calorie per day diet for a 2-week period. Despite weight loss, plasma ghrelin and leptin concentrations did not change. The authors concluded, “We consider that repeated sauna therapy is useful in the treatment of obesity.” Could sauna treatment have blunted the response of ghrelin and leptin that one would have expected to see during weight loss? Unfortunately the study was of short duration and did not include diet-only or sauna-only control groups. Data provided in a figure imply that mean weight decreased from 83.8 kg to 82.2 kg, and states P<.05, but the actual mean and standard deviation values are not explicitly given. Concerns regarding the previous paper also apply in this study.
Other indications
Additional studies offer evidence of other possible benefits of FIRS therapy.
Chronic pain
One RCT (level I evidence) studied 46 patients with chronic pain. All 46 patients received 4 weeks of multidisciplinary inpatient treatment; 22 of the subjects also had 15-minute daily FIRS sessions during those 4 weeks. After 2 years, those in the sauna group were significantly more likely to have returned to work (77% vs 50%, P < .05) and to have improved sleep scores (mean [SD] = 5.4 [3.0] vs 3.5 [2.4], P < .01), and trended toward greater improvement in pain behaviour scores (mean [SD] = 9.9 [1.8] vs 8.7 [1.9], P = .07) and anger scores (mean [SD] = 2.3 [1.6] vs 1.1 [2.0], P = .05). The authors suggested that FIRS therapy might be promising for the treatment of chronic pain. The study used validated tools to measure pain, depression, and anger, and subject groups were well matched. Pain behaviour and sleep quality, however, were measured with unvalidated tools. During the 23 months after sauna therapy and before final follow-up, it is not clear if any further sauna treatment was provided as “maintenance therapy.”
Chronic fatigue syndrome
Another paper (level II evidence) supported the use of FIRS therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome. It was essentially a case report with a sample size of 2.
Reproductive system
Far-infrared sauna use is safe and effective for increasing lactation in breastfeeding mothers, and FIRS treatment does not appear to be harmful during pregnancy. Exposure to heat has been shown to decrease sperm counts in men. The specific effect of FIRS use on male sperm counts has never been studied, although increased scrotal temperatures caused by traditional sauna use cause reversible decreases in sperm movement parameters.
No adverse effects were found (or reported) in any of the studies reviewed for this article.
EDITOR’S KEY POINTS
- Because infrared heat penetrates more deeply than warmed air, users of far-infrared saunas (FIRSs) develop a more vigorous sweat at a lower temperature than users of traditional saunas. The cardiovascular demand imparted by thermoregulatory homeostasis is similar to that achieved by walking at a moderate pace. As such, FIRSs might be of particular benefit to those who are sedentary due to various medical conditions like osteoarthritis or cardiovascular or respiratory problems.
- Although the evidence is limited, it does suggest a number of benefits of FIRS use, including effects on systolic hypertension, New York Heart Association class and clinical symptoms of congestive heart failure, premature ventricular contractions, brain natriuretic peptide levels, vascular endothelial function, exercise tolerance, oxidative stress, chronic pain, and possibly weight loss and chronic fatigue. No adverse events were reported in any of the studies.
- All of the studies reviewed are limited by small sample sizes, short duration, unvalidated symptom scales, the fact that they were conducted by the same core research group, and the fact that many relied on captive hospitalized populations.
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